Stalins Purge The Greater Holocaust Essays - Old Bolsheviks

Stalin's Purge: The Greater Holocaust Joseph Stalin was leader of the Soviet Union from 1929-1953. While he was in power the Great Melancholy crushed the world economy, the Nazis attacked the U.S.S.R., Berlin was cut off from the rest of the world, and the Cold War started. In numerous nations his methods of reasoning were accepted to be profoundly viable, yet a portion of his activities are simply being revealed , and reprimanded, in ?Western? nations like the US. One piece of Soviet history, just currently being seen the truth about, is the ?Great Cleanse? Stalin started to free the Stalin(Groilers-Communism) nation surprisingly who didn't bolster him as ?the incomparable leader of the Soviet Union?. Stalin was conceived on December 21, 1827 in Gori, Georgia, and given the name Joseph Vissarionovich Djugashvili. He received the name Joseph Stalin later in the course of his life. (World Book 825; Groilers-Stalin,Joseph) His dad was a drunkard, beat his better half, just as, Stalin. Stalin's dad passed on in a battle when his youngster was just eleven. His mom needed Stalin to turn into a minister, so she sent him to theological college school when he was 14 years old. (Groilers-Stalin,Joseph) At the school, Stalin found out about progressives and became one himself. In the long run he quit school and turned into ?a full-time progressive? against the Czar and the Russian government. He was captured in 1904 and joined the Bolsheviks. Stalin was captured and ousted four additional occasions somewhere in the range of 1906 and 1913. (World Book 825) At the point when Stalin got away from oust he met Lenin and joined the Bolsheviks. In 1912 he was selected to the Bolshevik Central Committee. Captured and banished by the Czar in 1913, he returned in 1917 after the ?November Revolution?. (Groilers-Stalin, Joseph) Stalin was selected secretary of the Focal Committee in 1922 and became ?power hungry?. Prior to his demise, in 1924, Lenin composed a not saying that Stalin was crazy and should have been expelled from power. The main Bolsheviks disregarded the note and kept expanding the measure of intensity Stalin had. Somewhere in the range of 1924 and 1928, Stalin utilized his position to expel his restriction from ?the Party?; he was the unchallenged pioneer of the Soviet Union by 1929. (Groilers-Stalin, Joseph) As pioneer of the Soviet Union he requested the formation of the aggregate homesteads to help in the quick industrialization of the nation. Poor administration of the homesteads caused a huge number of individuals to bite the dust in a starvation; Stalin proceeded with collectivization at an expanded r! ate after the starvation. (World Book 826) Stalin's cleanse started after the demise of Sergei Kirov. It is accepted that the ?murder was most likely orchestrated by Stalin as an appearance for dispensing with all adversaries.? (Groilers-Great Purge) Stalin utilized Kirov's demise as a reason to charge Party individuals and Army commanders with treachery or intrigue and sentence them to death. Practically the entirety of the individuals from the Central Committee and the seventeenth Congress were slaughtered or captured; some were sent to work camps known as Gulags. From the start, the cleanse was mystery; show preliminaries in Moscow were proof of the cleanse's presence, later on. The cleanse spread from high-positioning authorities to individuals related with Lenin and afterward to normal laborers and ranchers. Anybody saw as a danger to Stalin's capacity was executed. The ?official corps? were so Stalin would have all out help in the lower positions of the military. (Groilers-Great Purge) Everyone was viewed as a suspect by the mystery police. During this time Stalin started to create his own character ?clique?. A few people utilized this religion as an approach to abstain from being slaughtered by the mystery police. (Groilers-Stalin, Joseph) During the cleanse the mystery police requested keeping an eye on significant industrialists. They likewise requested neighbors to keep an eye on one another, youngsters to provide details regarding beneficiary guardians, kids to watch their kin, and grown-ups to keep an eye on their managers/representatives. (World Book 826) With so may individuals being captured or executed, or simply vanishing, many started to lose confidence in Stalin's authority. Relatively few talked transparently talked out against Stalin inspired by a paranoid fear of their lives and Western countries didn't discover the genuine degree of the cleanse since it was not talked about in broad daylight. (Soviet Political System 28) One of the most unfavorable effects of the cleanse was that when World War

FreeWill and Determinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FreeWill and Determinism - Essay Example nment and chains, social requirements, for example, danger of discipline and rebuff, just as mental imperatives for instance hereditary inclinations, impulses, and neurogical issue. These imperatives make people not to have through and through freedom. One may will in general feel that since the person in question can look at his or decisions, aware of settling on choices and can perform comparing activities then there is unrestrained choice (Chorney et al 28). This isn't correct. It is conceivable that one could have the chance of picking openly despite the fact that in reality one can never do. Remarkable issue undoubtedly is that we can’t demonstrate that we have choice by simply showing out that it appears as though we do. It is plainly conceivable to have the experience of unrestrained choice regardless of whether in actuality we don't have choice itself. Compatibilists which implies the individuals who characterize through and through freedom without reference to determinism contends that determinism is good with unrestrained choice. Also, they consider the contention between hard determinists and libertarians over unrestrained choice versus determinism as false issue. Another remarkable part of the compatibilists is that not being caused isn't sufficient condition for opportunity however not so much as a required condition. They contend that if an activity is uncaused, it is by all accounts irregular. Their fundamental view is that free activities are not uncaused activities, however it alludes to the activities that are caused with a particular goal in mind. The compatibilist demonstrates that initial an activity is free if and just if its motivation is inner as opposed to being outer to the operator. In any case, it is worth to take note of this is certainly not a reasonable definition since an activity can result to inside reason yet it isn't free. For example, despite the fact that wheezing has inner reason, it's anything but a free activity. Furthermore, they contend that an activity is free just when it is expected to agent’s convictions and wants. Despite the fact that this is by all accounts adequate, it is as yet confronted with counterexamples since there are situations where an activity is brought about by

Flat Affect in Schizophrenia Symptoms and Treatment

Flat Affect in Schizophrenia Symptoms and Treatment Schizophrenia Print Schizophrenia and the Flat Affect How to Recognize Impaired Emotional Functioning and Minimize Symptoms By Catherine Harrison, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 05, 2020 Schizophrenia Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children David Ryle / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Causes Symptoms and Impact Treatment Coping and Support View All Flat affect (diminished emotional expression) is a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia, although it may also affect those with other conditions. It is a lack of showing emotion characterized by an apathetic and unchanging facial expression and little or no change in the strength, tone, or pitch of the voice. This extremely limited range of expressions occurs even in situations that would normally seem very exciting or very sad. For instance, upon hearing the great news, someone with schizophrenia may not smile, laugh, or have any joy in their response. Flat affect is more common among men than women and is often present during the onset of schizophrenia.?? Causes Although millions of people are affected by flat affect, scientists are not entirely sure of the exact cause. It is hypothesized that it is due to differences in brain functioningâ€"and some of the neurocognitive deficiencies that accompany schizophrenia.?? Does Schizophrenia Alter the Thinking Process? More often than not, flat affect is an underlying symptom of several conditionsâ€"not just schizophrenia. It may even be a side-effect of certain medications, including antidepressants. Conditions linked to the flat affect include:?? AutismBrain damageDepressionParkinsons diseasePost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Muscle disorders or facial paralysis Symptoms and Impact If you have been affected by flat affect, you may find that it negatively impacts your social functioning.?? People can respond negatively to the way you react in a situation or conversation, leading to the assumption that you are cold or unfeeling when thats not true. Signs of Flat Affect Monotone or flat voice with no modulation or expressionLack of eye contactLack of discernible interest in the topic at handNo changes in facial expression regardless of the circumstance (neutral expression)Lack of verbal response to emotional stimuliBody language or non-verbal responses that are not typical to the experience, conversation, or situation at hand Its important to note that while you may have trouble displaying emotion, many people with schizophrenia have no difficulty recognizing emotional responses in others. This is an important factor in working with your doctor to define a treatment plan, as it gives you a foundation to build on to create appropriate social exchanges. How to Recognize Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Treatment Treatment for flat affect often depends on the underlying cause. A plan of action should begin by consulting with a psychologist or psychiatrist who diagnoses and treats mental health conditions. Flat affect can be treated to some degree. It often requires comprehensive therapy, including working with a healthcare provider and taking medication. While it often cannot be completely eliminated, therapy and intervention can help you interact with others more warmly and naturally and get your other symptoms of schizophrenia under control.?? Get Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Therapy and Intervention Cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT, is one of the most researched models of therapy used in the treatment of schizophrenia. CBT can help people with flat affect begin to recognize how their emotionless response does not match what is required in a specific situation.?? Your therapist may have you practice appropriate reactions to different stimuli (like grief or celebration) so that you can learn how to react as other people do. Social skills training, a type of behavioral therapy, can also be used to teach people with schizophrenia to express feelings and needs, ask questions, and control their voice,  body, and facial expressions.Speech therapy can help with tone and modulation of voice to convey more emotion. How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in Psychology Medication In addition to evaluating your medicationâ€"since some meds can cause flat affectâ€"your mental health provider can prescribe antipsychotic medications to control  symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations. Typical antipsychotics function by blocking receptors for dopamine. The newer atypical antipsychotics also influence other neurotransmitters in the brain and may help with a flat affect. Clozaril (clozapine) is one of these agents shown to help combat flat affect in people with schizophrenia and other mental illnesses for which this is a concern.?? Atypical Antipsychotics Prescribed to Treat Schizophrenia Coping and Support for Caregivers Caring for a loved one who is suffering from flat affect is challenging. Its much more than dealing with a loved one who tends to be cold. Its not a personality trait. This symptom of schizophrenia makes it impossible for your loved one to translate emotion into a verbal or physical expression. The brain and body are not connecting. While he or she may be unable to express his or her emotions, your emotions are likely in overdrive as you struggle to come to terms with this symptom of schizophrenia. Continuing to educate yourself on the condition and the experiences your loved one will face is one of the most important ways to cope. Gathering information can help you better understand what to expect and what you can do to help. Although your primary focus is on supporting your loved one, its also important to remember to help yourself. This means seeking support from local or online groups, a mental health provider, or a trusted friend or family member. Sharing your experiences and challenges can help you process your emotions and give you encouragement and hope. You may also gain helpful information about new or progressive treatment methods as well as other resources to help your loved one.

Wedding Ceremony Is Important Day Of A Person s Life

Life is filled with many important moments. Whether it is personal accomplishments, spiritual occurrences, coming of age or overall life changing events, there is only a hand full of days considered to be the most important day of a person’s life. One of those existences is the wedding day. No matter what country, race, culture or religion, it cannot be denied that a wedding ceremony is important. While there may be hundreds of different traditions and rituals that take place during a wedding ceremony, the general consensus is a wedding is something special. For most it is more than just a contract. It is not only a celebration of a bride and groom, but also the unity of family and bringing people together. Weddings are special in that,†¦show more content†¦Vincent DePaul has s significance to the family there was a determinism attached to the decision of holding the ceremony in this particular place. As Tanner states in The Notion of Culture, â€Å"because culture is constitutive of humanity and cultures are aligned social groups, the notion of culture suggest social determinism: society decisively shapes the character of its members† (p. 28). Oftentimes the ideology of culture is associated with society as a whole, and how different races, ethnicities and regions come together to develop such social groups, but family is just as much of a culture as well. Families play a major role in the influence, shaping and definition of an individual’s characteristics, perceptions and values. Laura’s parent’s wedding at St. Vincent DePaul may have had an influence on the family’s culture. The idea of meaning is correlated with this particular church is a culture Laura’s family has created, thus furthering the continuation of this tradition. Her family and their values molded Laura and consequently she subconsciously internalized the ritual of meaning linked with a St. Vincent DePaul Church wedding as a cultural t radition. In a sense, Laura’s venue was predetermined. Another aspect of the Bush’s wedding that could be deemed as a cultural feature, looking at it in a broader sense is every decision they made. Varying from the music selected, to the

Themes in Early American Literature Essays - 1568 Words

Themes of Early American Literature Early American literature does a tremendous job of revealing the exact conditions and challenges that were faced by the explorers and later by the colonists of the New World. From early shipwrecks to the later years of small colonies barely surviving through dreadful winters, the literary works of the time period focus on some very recognizable themes. The theme of any given work – being simply the unifying subject or idea – is a very important element of any piece of writing. As one reviews some of this early literature, it becomes obvious that several themes appear repeatedly, and it is these subjects that were clearly very common among people from all over the New World. While a number of themes†¦show more content†¦The explorer narratives, however, were not the only ones which described a dark and forbidding quality of the New World. The colonists at Jamestown and all along the eastern coast suffered through harsh winters with minimal supplies, causing many deaths and making life in the New World extremely challenging. For example, in William Bradford’s Of Plymouth Plantation he remarks that 50 of the 102 Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth had died within the first year (Perkins and Perkins 50). The reasons for the high number of deaths in the colonies vary, but disease and harsh winters certainly claimed their share. In addition, the colonies struggled to establish crops and solid dwellings for months or years after they first landed, and supply ships proved to be unreliable at best. John Smith of the Jamestown Colony is responsible for writing The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles in which he depicted the grievous condition of the colonists only days after the ships departed and left them to the mercy of the land (Reuben 6). He wrote, â€Å"Being thus left to our fortunes, it fortuned that within ten days scarce ten amongst us could either go, or well stand, such extreme weakness and sickness oppres sed us.† (Perkins and Perkins 36). In the same piece of literature, Smith also noted another very ominous threat to the well-being of theShow MoreRelatedRomantic Period of Literature in America Essay949 Words   |  4 Pages Beginning early in the 17th century, American authors and poets alike began the great shift in writing now known as the romantic period. This movement in literature has many influences, themes, and writing styles that can be highlighted with important works and authors. A promising frontier, new cultures brought by immigration, and a search for spiritual answers were all key influences in bringing about the romantic movement. 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Americans were divided on such volatile issues as slavery, reform and sectionalism that ultimately led to the Civil War. Emerging from this cauldron of change came the voice of a new nation - a nation with views and ideals all its own. The social, economic, technological and demographicRead MoreEssay Role of Religion in Early American Literature619 Words   |  3 PagesRole of Religion in Early American Literature American Literature, especially of the early settler and colonial period is marked by a deep sense of religion and a stress upon writing about matters related to religion. The development of early American literature thus can be seen to be a reflection of the religious ideals followed by the early settlers and colonists and it became a means of promoting a moral and ethical way of life. Early American literature is filled with an obvious expressionRead MoreThe European Exploration Of America1639 Words   |  7 PagesEuropean exploration of America is notable because it is the start of the mentality among Americans the fuels the need to travel from home in order to find oneself. Since the beginning, the settlers in America have been people who left home to find a new life where they could live successful lives. While this is a theme in all types of literature, it is one that is especially prevalent in American literature because the settlers were an entire people who left their home in search of something betterRead MoreFigurative Devices: Comparing We Wear the Mask and Theme for English B1089 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered to be early black poets during the twentieth century around the period of civil right movement. â€Å"We wear the mask† and â€Å"Theme for English B† were written in 1895 and 1951 respectively. Even there is approximately 50 yea rs gap between these two poems, the theme that these two poems address is somewhat similar. Even though Dunbar uses symbols as figurative devices while Hughes uses Irony, they both have the same goal, which is to point out the racial issues within American society. Paul LaurenceRead MoreThe History of Childresn Literature Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Children’s Literature EDP1: Task 1 Janet Blake Western Governors University Children’s literature is defined many different ways. It can be simply defined as a book that a child reads, or as Kiefer defined it â€Å"as the imaginative shaping of life and thought into the forms and structures of language.† (Kiefer, 2010, p.5) Literature has been around for hundreds of years, although not in the form that we are used to seeing now. There have always been stories to be told for as long

Organizational Effectiveness Free Essays

Organizational Effectiveness â€Å"Researchers analyzing what CEOs and managers do have pointed to control, innovation, and efficiency as the three most important processes managers use to assess and measure how effective they, and their organizations, are at creating value (L. Galambos, 1988)†. Control is essential over the external and internal environment by knowing what the demand for a business is. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Effectiveness or any similar topic only for you Order Now A tool to help make these decisions with control is to conduct a trend analysis. An analysis will reveal patterns be it internal or external of an organization. To identify current patterns along with the status of the organization managers are able to determine how to restructure the business in or to produce product or services in the most efficient way possible. This may include adding additional skills, technologies, or current assets to the current workforce anything that will produce the best output of an organization in the most efficient way. An organization must be innovative when introducing their product or services to the market. This may require management to demand radical changes to the organization by improving or changing processes, advertising, and just acquire the capability to adjust to any environment the organization has to confront be it internal or external. An organization does not need to use the three methods to assess and measure organizations effectiveness it would depend on what needs attention, but it is always good for an organization to know the health of their organization pertaining to the three measures. Table 1 (Jones. , 2010) L-3 communications. Revenue: Over $5 bil. Employees: Over 10,000 Fortune 1000, Fortune 500, Russell 3000 Industry: Aerospace Defense , Consumer Electronics , Consumer Goods , Manufacturing SIC Codes: 3663 NAICS Codes: 334220 L-3 is a prime contractor in Command, Control, Communications, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C3ISR) systems, aircraft modernization and maintenance, and national security solutions. L-3 is also a leading provider of a broad range of electronic systems used on military and commercial platforms. Our customers include the U. S. Department of Defense and its prime contractors, U. S. Government intelligence agencies, the U. S. Department of Homeland Security, U. S. Department of State, U. S. Department of Justice, allied foreign governments, domestic and foreign commercial customers and select other U. S. federal, state and local government agencies (Company Profile, 2013)†. Currently L-3’s concern is to operate in an efficient manner to maintain and increase their target market. L-3’s similar companies are Raytheon Company, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Northrop Grumman Corporation, and The Boeing Company. They are giants in their field and are companies that are veterans to the profession. With a majority of veteran companies, the challenges are similar with L-3 the continually changing environment. Example: the changing technology, changing target markets causes the reluctance of change in the internal cultures of these large companies and L-3 is not immune to this challenge. The best approach to use for L-3 is the metrics that would help improve organizational effectiveness. This is the internal system approach see [ Table 1 (Jones. , 2010) ]. This method includes improving the communication process between the levels of management. Elevate problems in a timely manner to upper management. The internal health of the company is beneficial information ( be it negative or positive) quickens decision-making process which in turn allows the organization to continue with planed processes. One of the main issues to correct is the workforce to shift into using new tools, processes, and just looking at the organizations requirements differently for the organization is changing, nothing is consistent with change. This constant change without training causes decrease in motivation, create conflicts and certainly prevents L-3’s output to its’ market, and in the end a delay in output to the market does disrupts the external environments. Thus, processes need to be re-evaluated and restructured. Replacing the aging tools with current tools results in a streamline and automates processes. â€Å"The Benefits of Process Automation: Improved Efficiency. Many business processes span systems, departments, or even external business partners. Manual effort, poor hand-offs between departments or partners, and the general inability to monitor overall progress results is a significant waste for most processes. Process automation eliminates or significantly reduces these problems with a resultant reduction in labor hours, time span, and increased throughput. Increased Productivity. By automating processes that are currently being implemented manually, individuals can work more efficiently and can take on new or additional workloads. Process automation allows us to rise to the challenge of being asked to do more with less. Shorter Cycle Times. Time is money. By automating processes, they are kept moving, hand-offs are facilitated, consistency is assured, and cycle times to complete the process are shortened. Getting the product or service to the end user or to market quicker can result in significant financial benefits. Consistent Process Implementation. Consistency comes from having a documented process that is understood and followed every time. Process automation makes the process easy to understand and enforces adherence to the process steps. This eliminates missed steps often found in manual processes, resulting in consistent, reliable measures that assist in making decisions and implementing process improvements. Corporate Governance and Compliance. Process compliance, regulatory compliance, and corporate governance are ever increasing in importance. Organizations must demonstrate consistency and show that effective controls and business monitors are in place to ensure processes are sound and will provide financial accountability, visibility, and reduce risk and fraud. Process automation can help your company with compliance issues surrounding regulations like the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Combined Code for Corporate Governance, Bilanz Reform, and more. Noncompliance or lack of adequate controls can cost your company big-time. Process automation ensures your processes are followed as they are laid out. Ability to Quickly Implement Change. Another benefit of automated process is that the reliable, consistent information provided can enable you to recognize the need for change or improvement quickly and then be able to make that change and put it into effect in a faster and more controlled manner than you could with a manual process. The ability to change quickly provides an important business advantage. Improved Customer Service and Satisfaction. Customers are much more satisfied when they receive timely, top quality products and services. Process automation enables you to build consistency into your products and services, facilitate continuous improvement, and get the product or service to your customer faster. Happy customers are repeat customers. Reduced Costs and Improved Profits. All of the above benefits result in direct bottom-line results of reduced costs, ability to take on more work, and improved profitability. All things any company is seeking (A. Moudry, 2013)†. To establish organizational effectiveness, management L-3 needs to focus on structuring their workforce, internal employee management systems, and the organization and abilities (including the organizational culture) to the plan. This is a crucial point to any strategy and engagement from all involved dictates whether organizational effectiveness, management is a success. References: A. Moudry, J. (2013, March 16). Real Benefits of Automated Processes. Retrieved from NEXTGENPINEW. COM: http://www. nextgenpinews. com/files/Real%20Benefits%20of%20Automated%20Processes. pdf Company Profile. (2013, March 14). Retrieved from L-3: http://www. l-3com. com/about-l-3/company-profile. html Jones. , G. R. (2010). The Organization and Its Environment. In G. R. Jones. , Organizational Theory, Design, and Change, Sixth Edition. Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. L. Galambos. (1988). â€Å"What Have CEO’s Been Doing? †. Journal of Economic History, 18, 243–258. How to cite Organizational Effectiveness, Papers

Professional Nursing Organizations free essay sample

The topic I chose to explore further from the previous lectures was professional nursing organizations. What interested me about this topic is the fact that there are a plethora of professional organizations that are each unique to a specific goal or outcome that the organization wishes to improve upon in the nursing profession. Obtaining a minor in psychology has also made me appreciate the mental health aspect of treating and caring for a patient or client on a daily basis. After finding an article about advance practice psychiatric nurses and the international society of psychiatric nurses (ISPN), I read how they were creating a vision to diversify their organization by educating how to become culturally competent and how they may be able to put to use these values in practice. This article definitely reeled me in as it covered most of what we covered in class including a professional organization, cultural competency, and even evidence-based practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Nursing Organizations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The majority of the information provided by the article is a chronological progression of the different changes the ISPN, and in other previously separated organizations, on how they have tried and succeeded in one of their many goals to broaden their knowledge on different cultures and religions, and also becoming culturally competent. According to the ISPN, cultural competence â€Å"involves the ability to be responsive to the differences of others and to work effectively and respectfully within the context of the cultural values, traditions, beliefs, concerns, and needs of other individuals and groups† (Yearwood, Hines-Martin, Dato Malone, 2006). This includes being able to put these abilities to use when dealing with a patient, for example being able to completely empathize for the patient because you understand the entire cultural aspect of their lives. In its opening paragraph, the article also provides information demonstrating that mental health and psychiatric conditions are paramount to the overall health and quality of life of patients. Afterward, the article goes on to say â€Å"ethnic minorities bare a greater burden from unmet metal health need and thus suffer a greater loss to their overall health and productivity† (Yearwood et al. , 2006). This is a very important piece of knowledge that the ISPN wishes to address. The mission of the organization encompasses giving psychiatric mental health nursing a voice in influencing policy to promote equal, evidence based, and effective treatment to all diverse populations worldwide. After reading this article I have learned that becoming culturally competent is extremely important in nurturing patients back to health. Without being able to comprehend the values and beliefs of a certain culture I would not be able to effectively assist the patient in feeling comfortable and respected. In respect to the bigger picture, this article has helped me understand that the disparities between race and ethnicity need to be addressed if we are to care for each patient equally and respectfully. This article has made me realize that there are many people internationally united under one cause to improve the nursing profession through education of cultural, religious, racial and ethnic sensitivity. Being part of the nursing profession entails many things, but more importantly is the need to completely understand the values and beliefs of the patient to the best provider that we can be.

Lincoln And His Generals Essays - George B. McClellan,

Lincoln And His Generals Book Report: Lincoln and His Generals Author: Williams, T. Harry Harry T. Williams was born on May 19, 1909. When in college, he was encouraged by a professor to study history. This professors main interest was the Civil War era and had a great effect on Williams. He attended Platteville State Teachers College (later Wisconsin State University at Platteville) where he received a B.Ed in 1931. Williams continued education into graduate school was mainly due to the lack of work during the Great Depression. He went on to earn a Ph.M. in 1932, and Ph.D. in 1937, from the University of Wisconsin (Dawson 431). Lincoln and His Generals was the breakthrough book for Williams who had only written one book previously. This book provided him with many national and local acclaims. He book was on the best seller list, he received rave reviews in national publications, and scholarly awards where he was teaching at the time, L.S.U. He would go on to become a very respected writer during his forty-year career. He would also win the Pulitzer Prize in 1970 for his book Huey Long (437). Williams main theme in Lincoln and His Generals is about the Civil War being the first modern war and Lincolns function in the position of President. He introduces the state of the Union army as one that has no shape to it. This includes the lack of any plan of attack, as the thought of war had not been translated into any type of scheme. The armies lacked organization and communication, and existing qualified generals were old and inept. The first task that Lincoln had was the immediate selection of Generals. Lincolns selection process was sometimes based on political and personal grounds, and he was in the position of selecting from a pool of generals that had no experience leading a large army. Williams tells us that even if the selection was for political reasons, Lincoln had the national cohesion in mind. It appears that control was an important factor in Lincolns selections, however, Williams continually argues that if Lincoln had had generals who were more competent he would not have interfered as much. In Lincoln, one sees a willing amateur, one who had the ability to bring out the best in some men, and also learn from them (Williams 11). Williams gives us insight into Lincolns thought process into who Lincoln really was. Williams superbly supports this with various examples and numerous interactions that Lincoln had with his Generals. For example, Lincolns selection of General Scott, the first General of the Union forces. When Lincoln interacted with Scott, he showed a deference for Scotts age and knowledge. Thus allowing Scott to share his skills, this humility was shored by General McClellan. Lincoln later changes his approach towards McClellan, trying to boost his confidence and courage. Williams continually shows McClellan as an egotist, who eventually replaced Scott as General in chief. McClellan is depicted as unsure, indecisive, self-centered and fearful of declaring war. Lincoln continually defends McClellan but is not afraid of tactfully sending criticism his way. One could easily be lead to believe that Lincoln was more of a placator. Williams shows us that Lincoln never hesitated in making difficult decisi ons based on results. Lincolns people skills are easily ascertained in Williams writings. Lincoln seems keen at applying pressure as well as giving his generals a free hand when necessary. Williams shows an interesting side of Lincolns patience that wears thin when there are no early victories and from the lack of aggressiveness on the Union side. Williams shows a gradual transformation on Lincolns selection process. Initially each general was selected on characteristics such as battle experience and political backing. As the enemy holds out and there is inaction, Lincoln starts to doubt the ability of his generals and starts to seek generals who can win without excuses. Williams captures the pressures that are placed on Lincoln. The union government and the public were questioning the inactivity of McClellan and his troops. Lincoln is willing to absorb most of this pressure but eventually seeks answers to the same questions. Williams shows the desperate side of Lincoln. Lincoln starts to recklessly agree to attack

Free Essays on The Belief In The Afterlife In Ancient Egypt

According to many scholars, religion was the most important aspect of life in Ancient Egypt. The Egyptian’s believed that the gods and goddesses, each with special functions governed every inch of human existence. â€Å"Writing about the religion of Ancient Egypt demands a powerful effort of imaginative understand. Even for those of us who posses a strong religious faith, it is hard to conceive of the intensity with which the Egyptians accepted the existence of the supernatural or the extent to which it not only invaded but completely dominated every aspect of their daily existence.†# Egyptians believed that death was a temporary interruption, rather then a complete end to their life. Eternal life could be insured by the gods, preservation of the body, and the â€Å"ka†, â€Å"ba†, akh†. Fearing death the Egyptians developed a belief of the after life very early in their existence. They buried their dead in the sand with possessions they thought they would need in their next life. The Egyptians noticed that if a body was dug up a year later, it looked very much as it had looked in life. Thus, preserving the body became linked with the afterlife. The poor could not afford more then a burial in the sand. While the wealthy began to be buried deeper in more elaborate chambers, mortal decay set it. The mummified body and the tomb were believed to be essential to the after-life. They believe that the mummified body would guarantee passage into the next life. In addition to the Egyptians â€Å"ba† (his body), and his â€Å"ka† (spirit guide), the Egyptians had a soul, which flew away at death. Some cult believed that the soul was a bird with the face of the deceased that flew away at death. During the life the soul lived in the body in his belly or heart, after death it flew freely about the world. It was free to travel the world but had to return to the tomb at night to ward off evil spirits. The first attempts to save the... Free Essays on The Belief In The Afterlife In Ancient Egypt Free Essays on The Belief In The Afterlife In Ancient Egypt According to many scholars, religion was the most important aspect of life in Ancient Egypt. The Egyptian’s believed that the gods and goddesses, each with special functions governed every inch of human existence. â€Å"Writing about the religion of Ancient Egypt demands a powerful effort of imaginative understand. Even for those of us who posses a strong religious faith, it is hard to conceive of the intensity with which the Egyptians accepted the existence of the supernatural or the extent to which it not only invaded but completely dominated every aspect of their daily existence.†# Egyptians believed that death was a temporary interruption, rather then a complete end to their life. Eternal life could be insured by the gods, preservation of the body, and the â€Å"ka†, â€Å"ba†, akh†. Fearing death the Egyptians developed a belief of the after life very early in their existence. They buried their dead in the sand with possessions they thought they would need in their next life. The Egyptians noticed that if a body was dug up a year later, it looked very much as it had looked in life. Thus, preserving the body became linked with the afterlife. The poor could not afford more then a burial in the sand. While the wealthy began to be buried deeper in more elaborate chambers, mortal decay set it. The mummified body and the tomb were believed to be essential to the after-life. They believe that the mummified body would guarantee passage into the next life. In addition to the Egyptians â€Å"ba† (his body), and his â€Å"ka† (spirit guide), the Egyptians had a soul, which flew away at death. Some cult believed that the soul was a bird with the face of the deceased that flew away at death. During the life the soul lived in the body in his belly or heart, after death it flew freely about the world. It was free to travel the world but had to return to the tomb at night to ward off evil spirits. The first attempts to save the...

UNIQLO Japan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIQLO Japan - Assignment Example UNIQLO Company first established its operations in Tokyo area, and soon expanded its business premises to Osaka and other areas of Tokyo (Haghirian, 2009). The company has since improved its operations in Japan and its surroundings as it expands to other nations in the globe. Therefore, the company became known for domestic and holding enterprise that operates to attain various goals and objectives of the company. This has helped the company increase its marketing department and stores to establish other companies of the same brand in other nations (Hasegawa, 2011). It is thought that UNIQLO Company is among the top ten companies considered specialists in retail that is fast in the world market. Internationally, the company has ensured employees in various organizations experience an environment that is favorable for effective and efficient work. This has been found to encourage employees work happily and become more innovative in diverse fields they are working under in the company (Plunket Research Ltd, 2008). The company has also tried to ensure there is a high growth and improved quality of goods and services offered by the company. This has ensured various companies attain requirements of individuals from various communities, backgrounds, nations and ethnic groups. This helps improve standards of living among individuals from various nations. The success of the company has been based on good governance that has been experienced in the organization, and location of the business premises in diverse nations. Strategic placement of companies has been found to influence the success of the company. The company has established its companies in other nations like China, where the processes of growth of the company have been attained successfully. This has been influenced greatly by global market as there is a need to meet changes in technology and the market.

Recognizing Contract Risk and Opportunities Essay

Recognizing Contract Risk and Opportunities - Essay Example The reviewing officials, upon receipt of the request will review the performance evaluation and any supporting documentation and may meet with you and/or me, if deemed appropriate. With in 15 work days of receipt of the request, the receiving official will issue a written response to either uphold the performance, evaluation rating or direct that the evaluation be revised The one year contract between Span System and C-S is $6 million. This is C-S bigger e-CRM order in the pipeline, and the chances of Span System to getting the order lies in the contract performance. Leon Ther, the IT outsourcing director, is an influential personality, is one among the top negotiator of C-S. Span. After eight months of the project, problems started to set in. Spans deliverables have been behind schedule of the last couple of months. In the manner of quality, C-S had detected that the quality of the deliverables are unacceptable , or of low quality. Leon Ther, addressing his letter to Kevin Grant, he said that C-S can nit afford to have schedule slips due to its deadline for the release of a transaction software in the market. Leon Ther had no other alternative but to ask for the immediate transfer of all unfinished code and asserter rescission of the contract by C-S. Problems at both ends are now arising. The user and the system have now grown since the determination of the study in the planning stage, thus making it difficult for the accommodation of the agreed upon and cost and the timelines. Since the ordinary requirement changes had been agreed to in the contract, the actual change had been ordinary. Due to C-S change in its project management structure, the approval and review times had been affected. Neither of the two parties may cancel the agreement, it is because subsequent to more than 50% of the consideration having been tendered by the other. Since more than 505 of the project schedule had elapsed, C-s may not rescind the contract. Mere

Alternative Tourism And Ecotourism

Alternative Tourism And Ecotourism The critical climatic conditions and the disappearance of endangered species in the worlds ecosystems is the concern of all, and affect our everyday lives, businesses and industries. The tourism industry is not spared, having adversely and greatly contributed to the destruction of micro-ecosystems and biodiversities over decades through Mass Tourism. Nonetheless, governments, tourism-planners and international organisations are now investing into alternative forms of tourism in order to counter the still ongoing damages of Mass Tourism. The goal is to consume differently and to sensitise tourists about sustainable practices, not only during their holidays, but to implement it in their very thinking and everyday life. This paper combines the material of four different papers, based on Alternative Tourism and Ecotourism respectively. They describe the principles of each and the features required for its successful fulfillment. Introduction Lifestyles and consumer behaviour have been known to evolve and adapt to changes in global needs and the availability of resources in the world all throughout history. As such, it is not surprising that the increase in awareness, concerning the precarious environmental, social and economic situation of todays world, is leading to new trends and behaviour in the way people live and consume. Likewise, the tourism industry has been undergoing a similar transformation since at least the past two decades with the advent of Alternative Tourism. This form of tourism has been introduced since the early nineties and has began to grow in magnitude as from the 1980s. It is considered as a sustainable alternative to counter the adverse effects and low-level authentic experiences provided by the so-called Mass Tourism. The latter has boomed dramatically with the technological advance of transport facilities (air, sea and land) and the open-sky agreements between countries worldwide, amongst various other factors. Inspite of the huge, fast economic gains of Mass Tourism, it has been found to be severely disastrous on the environment and the socio-cultural aspects of host countries and communities, respectively. In contrast, Alternative Tourism has responded in retaliation into the clean or sustainable form of tourism, which takes into account, the impacts of tourism on nature, society (for both the host community and travelers), culture and economy. Here, locals are also directly involved in the making of the tourism product and are often the financial beneficiaries. The umbrella of Alternative tourism covers a vast range of tourist activities such as rural, adventure, cultural and historical, heritage, sports (such as hiking, mountaineering, caving, diving, and so on), ecotourism and any other forms of tourism that is not Mass Tourism, as long as it does not impact adversely on the host country. Ecotourism has emerged since the 1960s and is popular amongst nature and culture lovers. It fits perfectly the concept of Alternative tourism and is considered as the fastest-growing form of sustainable tourism, according to the UNWTO (2003). Hetzer (1965) described the characteristics of ecotourism as: minimizing environmental impacts, respecting host cultures, maximizing benefits to local people and maximizing tourist satisfaction. Literature Review Alternative Tourism is a process which promotes a just form of travel between members of different communities. It seeks to achieve mutual understanding, solidarity and equality amongst participants. (Holden, 1984, p.15: cited in Smith Eadington, 1992. P.18) McIntyre (1993, p.11) defines Sustainable Tourism as a model form of economic development that is designed to improve the quality of life of the host community, and provide a high quality of experience for the visitor. Moreover, to maintain the quality of the environment on which both the host community and the visitor depend. He also states that it seeks decision-making among all segments of the society, including local populations, so that tourism and other resource users can coexist. Firstly, Alternative Tourism does not damage the environment, is ecologically sound, and avoids the negative impacts of many large-scale tourism developments undertaken in areas which have not previously been developed. Secondly, it is thought to consist of smaller scale developments, or attractions for tourists which are set in villages or communities and organised by them. These are seen as having fewer negative effects social or cultural and a better chance of being acceptable to the local people than mass tourism. Thirdly, there is the question of who benefits. Certain kinds of tourism are called alternative because they are not exploitative of the local people, because the benefits flow to local residents, or in general to poorer communities. Also known as Soft Tourism, Sustainable tourism denotes a mutual understanding between the local population and their guests, which does not endanger the cultural identity of the host region and which endeavours to take care of the environment as best as possible. Soft tourists give priority to using infrastructures destined for the local population, use the same accommodation and transport facilities as the natives and do not accept substantial tourist facilities harmful to the environment (Smith Eadington, 1992). Further, as they want to get more information before and during their holiday, it may actively try to encourage a respect for the cultural realities encountered by the tourists through education and organized encounters (de Kadt, 1990). Alternative Tourism, also brings about constraints. For a variety of reasons, alternative tourism in developing countries has been much more limited and less successful than Mass Tourism. The alternative projects in the Third World are frequently handicapped by the cost of international travel in the first place and poor local connections within destinations in the second. Language barrier, differences in culture and standards of living between hosts and guests tend to hinder communication and understanding (Smith Eadington, 1992). Some of the implications of alternative tourism need to be examined more closely. These include the reduction in numbers of tourists, the change in type of tourist, the education of all parties involved, and the impacts resulting from a new set of activities. Reducing numbers of tourists has two aspects, reducing numbers in areas where numbers are currently too great, and limiting potential visitors to levels compatible with capacity parameters. It is extremely difficult to reduce numbers in a free market situation without prejudicing the viability of the industry. Revenues can be expected to decline (unless massive market replacement occurs at the same time), which can result in loss of employment and reduction in local standard of living (Butler, 1990). Also, soft tourists may not only represent a not large enough market, but may also not be a repeat market. While mass tourists are for the most part sedentary and spend their money in a limited number of locations, much of the expenditure of the alternative tourists may be pre-spent on packages or spent in small amounts in a wide variety of locations (Butler, 1990). Furthermore, educating people is an alternative that is hard for Butler (1990) to reject, but it is a mammoth and long term project. He states that most people would probably accept the wisdom of the concept of sustainable development and developing suitable and low-impacting forms of tourism, but short-term reality dictates that the window of opportunity is often limited and time-scales of most entrepreneurs are short. Those of a tourist spending a week on a beach are even shorter. It is not realistic, even if naively optimistic, to expect a tourist wishing to lie on a beach in the Caribbean to be too interested in the impact he or she may have on the social fabric of the island visited, especially when they may not wish to associate with local residents or move out of the hotel complex. However, Alternative Tourism help cleaning physical surroundings, protecting environments and often the distinctive cultural patterns of local communities. It can be a significant factor in conserving the environment. Moreover, it also helps to conserve an areas cultural heritage. Archaeological and historical places, distinctive architectural styles, local dance, music, drama, ceremonies, arts and crafts, dress, customs and value systems all comprise the culture of an area (McIntyre, 1993). He emphasises on the fact that Alternative Tourism raises awareness concerning the impacts of tourism on the natural, cultural, and human environments. It ensures a fair distribution of benefits and costs. It incorporates planning and zoning which ensure tourism development appropriate to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. It monitors, assesses and manages the impacts of tourism, develops reliable methods of environmental accountability, and counters any negative effect. Furthermore, nature tourism encourages productive use of lands which are marginal for agriculture, enabling large tracts to remain covered in natural vegetation. Cultural tourism enhances local community esteem and provides the opportunity for greater understanding and communication among peoples of diverse backgrounds. Environmentally sustainable tourism demonstrates the importance of natural and cultural resources to a communitys economic and social well being and can help to preserve them. As opposed to Mass Tourism development, which is predominated by multinationals and tends to be unplanned and uncontrolled, taking up the most scenic regions and altering them beyond repair, Alternative Tourism requires extensive initial planning with greater reliance on local labour, and local sources of capital in line with locally promulgated regulations. Tourism assumes a complementary industrial role emphasizing the importance to continuing traditional lifestyle patterns. Existing resources (e.g., buildings) are used and renovated when necessary rather than relying on new construction. Features of Alternative Tourism Also known as Sustainable Tourism, Alternative Tourism adheres to the triple bottom-line of sustainability, that is to develop and progress without depleting environmental, socio-cultural and economic resources for future generations. In other words, these resources must be used, preserved and managed in such a way as to move forward, while keeping in mind the Native American proverb: we do not inherit the world from our ancestors, we are borrowing it from our children. Tourism can be environmentally feasible, as opposed to the pre-conceived idea exhibited by Mass Tourism during the past decades. It is not all about deforestation, land and water pollution or chains of gigantic resorts all over the place. Sea, Sun and Sand Tourism, a major form of Mass Tourism, has caused its own death by saturating the most popular and splendid coastal spots with hotel resorts, hence permanently disfiguring these locations physically, depleting and polluting its resources and attributes respectively. This has led to an increase in awareness amongst host communities and potential tourists alike, and hence emerged forms of tourism that aimed at enjoying a destination while minimizing alterations to nature and monitoring the impacts of visits at the same time. First of all, environmentally sustainable tourism businesses would take into account the characteristics of a location at the Planning Stage of a project. This is usually part of the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment). The fauna and flora would be meticulously studied and limited changes (or none at all) would be permitted, so that micro-ecosystems would be able to survive and cohabit along with the implementation of the project. This way, endangered species (both plants and animals) would still retain their habitat and the environment would be altered in the smallest possible way. Furthermore, the project should not be physically alienating to its surroundings, that is, it should be able to blend in and not be an eyesore. For instance, a state of the art hotel in a remote, under-developed village would be totally inappropriate, even if it respected environmental norms. In the same breath, operating sustainable tourism commerce implies minimizing damages done to the environment through energy and waste management. As far as possible, sustainable forms of energy must be used, and energy-consumption must remain reasonable. Waste water management is a must, and recycling must be practised as far as possible, for ethical disposal of both solid and liquid waste. However, not all businesses are able to afford the above measures, especially, since the number of green-tourists is usually quite limited. This is where the concept of Carrying Capacity comes into effect. The physical carrying capacity of a destination or site, is the maximum number of visitors that it can contain at a particular time. In order to avoid permanent environmental changes and abuse, the number of visitors and the duration of their stay must be under strict control. This is also known as the limits of acceptable change and does not require much financial investment to be accomplished. In addition, Mass Tourism brought along westernisation, the alienation of ethnic and local cultures and commodification throughout the years. Their consequences can be seen today, especially amongst the younger generations in destinations that have suffered Mass Tourism for several generations. The youth have often copied the beliefs and lifestyles so as to resemble those of foreigners, deeming western culture to be superior, and thus resulting in the loss of local cultural heritage and long-standing ancestral traditions. This is due to the fact that cultural exchange between tourists and locals has not been equitable, even though it is usually not in the intention of visitors to have such an impact on local beliefs and traditions. In order to counter this, tourists need to be educated on how to interact, behave and limit the exposure of their cultural identity, with respect to that of the host community. Accordingly, commodification, which is the act of viewing local cultural, historical or religious identity merely as a tourism product, is yet another drawback of mass tourism. Places of worship or of sacred religious importance were being assaulted with camera flashes by hordes of tourists, who were not even aware of the appropriate dress codes and behaviour to be adopted on such sites. Thanks to sustainable tourism and the responsibility of tour operators towards the education of tourists, rules and guidelines have since then been forwarded so as to minimize the impact of loss of cultural identity. Indeed, it is now the tourist that adapts to the culture of locals during visits to sites of religious and cultural importance, thus resulting in a more authentic cultural exchange and experience. Thirdly, the most immediate aspect of Alternative Tourism in a destination is the economic gains to the local community. Despite the fact that large-scale tourism generates astronomical amounts to tourism-related businesses and organisations, the majority of locals do not benefit from these profits first-handedly. In some cases, such as in franchise businesses, most of the profit goes back to the source-organisation, with local employees being paid with low salaries and slim chance of career advancement. On a different level, the concept sustainability implies that one should make reasonable use of its available resources, in such a way as to progress, while benefiting to its environment and stakeholders. This largely goes against conventional tourism, whereby most of the resources required to make the tourism product happen comes from elsewhere, whether in terms of raw materials, expertise and partially labour. It is therefore natural that economic rewards go abroad as well. On the other side, Alternative Tourism encourages entrepreneurship in all forms, from hospitality, entertainment and craftsmanship of locals. They are often offered trainings, participate in empowerment programmes and sometimes even subsided by the state to put their projects into motion. Nevertheless, financial gains, which is not comparable to that of Mass Tourism goes directly to those local entrepreneurs and the money is usually spent within the country, hence improving income distribution, increasing standard of living and indirectly contributing to the national GDP. The Emergence of Ecotourism Being one of the most popular segments of Alternative Tourism, Ecotourism is reaching a peak and gaining educational, sustainable and economic importance within the tourism industry, being one of its fastest growing sectors (UNWTO, 2003), grossing over $335 billion a year. In todays world, it plays a crucial role in the conservation of nature, in educating tourists about sustainable environmental practices and in benefiting local people. Ecotourism products consist of attractions, tours and accommodation, where each component is marketed and sold separately, but may be combined into packages as well. It is a form of tourism that targets a wide range of tourists, who are willing to experience a get-away holiday from the stress and monotony of everyday life. Its influence lies in the fact that unlike other forms of tourism, it is diverse enough to attract tourists of different age groups, budgets, interests and occupations. However, ecotourism poses a threat to its own existence and operations. Since the tourism product is settled within the type of ecosystem or environment that it promotes, there needs to be careful planning and management. Else, its activities may harm, deplete or alter the fragile and pristine biodiversities that it relies on for sustenance. Limits of acceptable change regarding social, cultural and environmental must be closely monitored in order to minimize impacts. Ecotourism projects are usually of small-scale and low-impacting; waste output is minimized and recycled as far as possible, so as to cause the minimum intrusion and alterations to the surrounding ecosystem. Biodegradable products are favoured over chemical detergents or products toxic or unhealthy for the environment. Clean and renewable energy forms, such as solar or photovoltaic panels, are popular energy sources in the most sophisticated eco-lodges as well as the use of fossil fuels are avoided. Further, infrastructures are designed to be harmonious with the environment in which it is situated. The actors involved in creating the ecotourism product include businesses, scientists, government agencies, non-governmental organisations and local or native communities. The active participation of guests or tourists, is essential for the product to be complete. It is interesting how this tends to foster collaboration and better understanding between the different contributors to ecotourism, hence encouraging local entrepreneurship and strengthening local identity. Emphasis must be stressed upon the preparation and education of ecotourists, before, during and after their holiday trip. This implies that guides and tour operators play a major role in consolidating the ecotourism product. They are responsible to instruct tourists about acceptable behaviour during their stay or trips, sensitize them to be environmentally-friendly and raise their awareness towards the need for sustainability, not only during their holidays, but also in their thinking and everyday lives. Furthermore, their duties include instructing guests about the modes and limits of communication with respect to surrounding local or native culture. Ecotourism has the goal of improving and contributing to the well-being of these people, without altering their beliefs, culture or traditions, but promoting them while empowering their identity and pride. Additionally, ecotourism projects often help natives and local communities to rehabilitate endangered species or animals and plants alike, reinstate their natural habitat and raise-awareness about them. Ecotourists are educated about the importance and relevance of such projects, if not encouraged to actively participate themselves. The profit accumulated through ecotourism is usually re-injected into ecological projects and also to upheave the standard of living of locals and their everyday situation. In the case of culturally sensible communities, such as natives, this is expended differently, in terms of medication and the protection, as well as conservation of their lands and culture. Conclusion and Discussion Alternative Tourism and Ecotourism have both been operating in a moderately successful manner in Mauritius during the past decade and is continuously gaining in popularity, both among locals and tourists alike. Indigenous plants and species are being rehabilitated and their habitat sustained, although there have been some negligence on the part of some stakeholders. The Blue Bay Marine park had been flourishing in the beginning years, but the project is now undergoing a decline due to illegal fishing and the carrying capacity of human interactions exceeded through visits, snorkelling and deep-sea diving. It is however not too late to reverse the situation and additional efforts need to be input from all stakeholders. On the bright side, small surrounding islands such as lIle Plate and lIle aux Aigrettes have known successful rehabilitation of their micro-biodiversities and human intervention is being closely monitored by environmental organisations. Fortunately, Mauritius has the resources and potential to further promote Ecotourism and other forms of Alternative Tourism, such as hiking, outdoor tourism and mountaineering. Additional resources must be made available to qualified people and organisations to implement and diversify the Alternative Tourism projects possible on the island. Emphasis should be put on consistency and regular evaluation, to cater for weaknesses. The objectives of sustainability however do not limit themselves to tourism and the whole Mauritian community must be sensitised for better environmental-friendly attitudes, which requires advocacy, education and a change of behaviour, which is a long-term and never-ending process, to protect, save and respect what remains of our nature and resources.

Capital Budgeting Case Essay

In the two capital budgeting cases corporations (A and B) have different revenues values and expenses as well as variable depreciation expenses, tax rates and discount rates. The members of our team had to compute both corporate cases NVP, IRR, PI, Payback Period, DPP, and project a 5-year income statement and cash flow in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The future cash flows of the project and discounts them into present value amounts using a discount rate that represents the project’s cost of capital and its risk is what’s needs to forecast the investment. Next, all of the asset’s future positive cash flows are reduced into one current value number. Subtracting this number from the original cash expense required for the investment provides the net present value (NPV) of the investment. Using the internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV) measurements to evaluate projects often results in the same findings. Relationship between Net Present Value and IRR Net present value of an investment is equal to the â€Å"present value of its annual free cash flow less the investments initial outlay† (Kewon 2013 pg 310). Whenever the NPV is greater or equal to zero we should accept the project, whenever the NPV is negative the project should be rejected. Internal rate of return answers the question of what â€Å"rate of return will the project earn† (Kewon 2013 pg 316). IRR is the â€Å"discount rate that equates the present value of the project’s free cash flows with the project’s initial cash outlay† (Kewon 2013 pg 316). The discount rate is the rate that is used within capital budgeting that allows for the net present value of cash flow within a project to equal zero. The higher the IRR the  more desirable the project is versus the lower the IRR the less desirable the project is. In consequence, the NPV method indirectly assumes that cash flows over the life of the project can be invested at the project’s required rate of return, whereas the use of the IRR method suggests that these cash flows could be invested at the IRR. The better statement is the one made by the NPV that the cash flows can be reinvested at the required rate of return because they can either be returned in the form of dividends to shareholders, who demand the required rate of return on their investments, or invested in a new investment project. (Keown, 2013). The NPV shows that Company B is worth more than Company A. After expenses, taxes and depreciation the company has a value that is better to acquire Corporation B because of a higher IRR of 16.94% and NPV of $40,252.02 than Corporation A whom has an IRR of 13.05% and a NPV of $20,979.41. Net Present Value Corporation A $20,979.41 Corporation B $40,252.02 However, with the NPV that Corporation B have it will be give the corporation, over 5 years, a current value cash return of about $40K above the 11% required rate of return. In other words, this plan will not only meet the 11% required rate, but it will give the company an additional $40. Internal Rate of Return When a project is reviewed with the hurdle rate in viewpoint, then the greater the IRR is above the hurdle rate, the greater the NVP, and on the contrary, the more the IRR is below the hurdle rate , the lower the NVP. When using the IRR, the decision rules are as follows: If IRR > hurdle rate, accept the project If IRR< hurdle rate, reject the project. In order for a project to be accepted, the IRR must be greater than or equal to the hurdle rate. If the company is deciding between projects, then the project with the highest IRR is the project to be accepted. As we look at the IRR for both corporations we see that Corporation B is higher than Corporation A and this is why we as a team choose Corporation B. Corporation A 13.05% Corporation B 16.94% Profitability Index, Payback Period and Discount Payback Period The Profitability Index (PI) is just a number and anything 1.0 or higher is confirmation for the project that is being evaluated. The PI is a type of ratio that gives the higher NVP per dollar on an investment. It is better used when you have more than one project comparing. When making decision making measures for the PI methods the best project should be the one that pays off the initial cost outlay. The PB is the less method used in doing a capital budgeting because it does not consider the time value of the money earned in the project. Looking at Corporation B is shows that it will take 3.31 years to payback the cash inflow to the original cash outflow or the cost of the project. So when making a decision on which corporation to use in PB it is best to take the project that pays off the initial cost outlay in less time. If we look at the PI and PB for Corporation A and Corporation B we will see that Corporation B is much better project than Corporation A. Profitability Index Payback Period Corporation A 1.08 Corporation B 1.16 Corporation A 3.64 yrs. Corporation B 3.31 yrs. The Discount Payback Period (DPP) does consider the time value of money. It is computed somewhat like the PB method and the only difference is that DPP method uses the discounted cash flow. As we look at the DPP for Corporation A and Corporation B we see that again Corporation B is less time to pay back the cash flow: Corporation A 4.6 yrs. References Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Petty, J. W. (2013). Foundations of Finance, 8th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781269882194/id/ch10lev2sec2 Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Petty, J. W. (2013). Foundations of Finance, 8th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781269882194/id/ch10lev2sec5

America’s Global War on Terrorism Essay

At 8:46 am, on September 11, 2001, the world would take witness to an event that would change it forever. Five hijackers, with the support of a terrorist group named Al Qaeda, crashed a passenger jet into World Trade Center Tower 1, and seventeen minutes later a second passenger jet was crashed into World Trade Center Tower 2. Now, everyone can remember exactly where they were when they received the news of the attack, but, what most American’s didn’t realize is that these events would lead to the majority of the world into war. This was the first time that the United States would participate in a war against and idea, terrorism, and not a declaration of war against a country itself. In every war that the United States had been involved in, they had been faced against an enemy in the form of a country. Whether it was Spain, Mexico, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, or even against itself, the United States always had a target. These â€Å"targets† usually had a uniform; they were also in support of a dictator, king, or even a tyrant. But with the War on Terror, the United States and its allied NATO Nations were not taking actions against a country; they were taking actions against an ideology that had affected the entire planet. The route of this ideology can be traced back to one man, Osama bin Laden. Osama bin Laden, with the help of the United States, forced an invading Soviet Russia out of the country of Afghanistan in the 1980’s. Then, with the support of a radical Islamic state, and the formation of a radical group calling themself al-Qaeda, he declared war on the United States in 1996 (Lansford, Watson & Covarrubias, 2009). Bin Laden was quoted saying, â€Å"If the instigation for jihad against the Jews and the Americans†¦is considered a crime, then let history be a witness that I am a criminal (Lansford, Watson & Covarrubias, 2009).† With this foundation of hatred towards Western influence in the modern world, Osama bin Laden and his radical group al-Qaeda instigated a War against the world. The group al-Qaeda has taken responsibility of many terrorist attacks against the United States and its allied countries. From the World Trade Center attacks of 2001, to the Spain subway bombings of 2004, al-Qaeda has been at the center of these terrorist attacks. Unfortunately, unlike most wars declared against a country, al-Qaeda has roots in many countries. They’ve been linked to attacks in: Africa, Europe, North America; are believed to have ties to other terrorist cells like the Taliban, and the Revolutionary Armed Forced of Colombia; and are known to have cells based in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Lansford, Watson & Covarrubias, 2009). Former President George Bush described al-Qaeda as â€Å"a fringe form of Islamic extremism that has been rejected by Muslim scholars and the vast majority of Muslim clerics; a fringe movement that perverts the peaceful teachings of Islam (Holloway, 2008).† This declared War on Terror was against terrorist groups, like al-Qaeda , but many did believe that the Former President had a hidden agenda. With the attacks of September 11th, a new foreign policy known as, â€Å"Bush Doctrine,† was implemented by the Bush administration. The â€Å"Bush Doctrine,† which the Bush administration rarely ever called its new foreign policy was based around four ideas: to make no distinction between terrorist and the countries harboring them, take the fight to enemies overseas before they can attack the United States, confront threats before they become threats, and promote democracy instead of terrorist ideology (Holloway, 2008). At the beginning of the war, the American people being full of patriotism and wanting revenge for the 9/11 attacks were in 100% agreement with this policy, but as time passed and the years that this â€Å"war† has gone on, more and more are in less support and just want the United States military to be brought home. Towards the end of President Bush’s second term, he began to be under constant attack due to the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. He was accused of invading Iraq under false pretenses of: weapons of mass destruction, and a direct influence of 9/11 by Saddam Hussein’s regime (Holloway, 2008), a plateau that our current President, Barack Obama, used to his advantage during his initial campaign. Yet, even though Former President Bush was attacked and scrutinized about his policies, he stood by his initial belief that his â€Å"Global War on Terror† was against an ideology, and not a certain country. Whether or not the current 10-year war was actually waged against Osama Bin Laden, Saddam Hussein, Muammar al-Gaddafi, or any other tyrant is truly unknown, and if the September 9/11 attacks were hoaxed and just a coercion for the American people to be tricked into war, who knows. What can be known is this; the War on Terror is the first time that the United States has declared war on an idea, a way of life, and not against a country of its own, and because of this, the true length of this war has the ability to last forever. Holloway, D. (2008). 9/11 and the war on terror [electronic resource] / david holloway . Edinburg University Press. Lansford, T., Watson, R., & Covarrubias, J. (2009).America’s war on terror [electronic resource] / by tom lansford, robert p. watson and jack covarrubias. (2nd ed.). Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

The Change In Port Hinterland Relations Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1824 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Since the introduction of containerization system in the mid 50s and the impact of globalization to the increase of international trade, port has developed significantly as the main access and gateway to the trade activities in the world. One of the economic functions of seaports are to give benefit to trade activities through providing enhancement to consumers and producers surpluses by offering flexible and responsive, and at the same time cost efficient logistics networks to the distribution of goods. Nowadays, the market environment where ports and shipping lines operate is changing radically. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Change In Port Hinterland Relations Business Essay" essay for you Create order Port holds the key role on the foreland and inland logistics and supply chain distribution which determines the total logistics cost of transporting goods. The developments in supply chains and logistics models urge port industries to constantly evolve with these changes and forced to revise their function in the logistics process to maintain their level of services to meet the recent market demand expectations. Port needs to apply appropriate development framework within their expansion strategy to connecting it with nearby hinterlands area and closing the gap between gateway and hinterlands. Port regionalization (Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2005) offers solution to these problems by extending the freight corridors to hinterland regions which located beyond the port perimeter and integrates port with the other logistics provider thus can give benefit to the supply chain network. Factors Influence Port Regionalization The Change in Port-Hinterland Relations Port serves as the main gateway to facilitate those goods or cargo transfer activity which is including loading, discharging and stacking. A seaport or port (Hayuth, 1985 cited in Rodrigue and Notteboom, 2010) is a transit area through which goods and people move from and to the sea. As such, port are places of contact between land and maritime spaces, nodes where ocean and inland transport lines meet and intertwine, intermodal places of convergence. Port represent valuable resources which attract many companies to get involve in its to support and facilitate the flows of goods. In fact, the geographical connection between ports is seen as a great potential for direct and indirect revenues and benefits to the general society environment surround them because port are part of a larger system consist of foreland, port itself and hinterland which generally represent its function on seaborne leg and inland leg activities. While the definition of hinterland is explaine as the area of which the greater part of the trade passes through the port (Barke, 1986; Blumenhagen, 1981; Sargent, 1938; Weigend, 1958 cited in Rodrigue and Notteboom, 2010). Hinterland, as part of the port system is defined by a group of locations connected to the port through related goods flows and usually the connections are involving various modes of transportation such as road, rail and barge. Langen (2007) distinguish hinterland regions by captive and contestable hinterlands. In contestable hinterlands most ports will have a share of the market as a result of no single port have a clear cost advantage over competing ports in some hinterlands regions. In the other hand, the regions which offer competitive advantage to a port because of lower generalized transport costs to these regions is the captive hinterlands of this port. Hence, the vast majority of cargoes to and from these regions are handled by the port. As the maritime business evolve and the growth of container traffic reached a level in several large port facilities there are a need for more efficient form of hinterland transportation to be organized. This gave birth to the process of port integration with the hinterland where the development of port is now concept of structured integration operational, by which the development of coordinated multimodal corridors has made maritime operator to connect their links with rail and road transport operators to gain wider chance into markets that affect to the optimization of supply chains system. Hence, the incorporation of inland freight distribution centers and terminals act as active nodes in shaping load center development (Rodrigue and Notteboom, 2011). The connecting corridors between ports and hinterlands will affect to the smoothness flow of goods and influence the cost of logistics and supply chain of goods distribution in general, and made hinterland one of the most important factors to the port development. The Evolution of Port in Supply Chain Systems Another driver which affecting the role of port is the development of global logistics and supply chain systems. These supply chains link is largely scattered production and sourcing sites to more geographically concentrated consumption regions. On this basis, shippers and customers have concern on the performance of the supply chain in terms of price, the quality of service and reliability. The focus on the chain as a whole is reflected by the efforts of the supply chain players to consolidate, vertically integrate or otherwise enter into long term contracts, to not only push the costs down but also increase the level of coordination and synchronization (OECD, 2008). Logistics in the other hand is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the flow of storage of raw materials, inventory, finished goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption (Coyle et al. cited in Panayides and Song, 2008). Therefore ports function in a log istics system in general would be receiving and delivering goods and information from and to both sea and land, while within supply chain function, ports would contribute in a wider role where other process and activities beyond its perimeter could influence its primary goals in adding value to the supply chain process. Seaports have been long acknowledged as the key constituents of many supply chains. Theys, Ryoo and Notteboom (2008) examine that port has actively stimulated logistics polarization in port areas by the accession of smooth custom formalities and advance information system. Port as the terminal of ocean transportation is the assemble point of large cargoes in transport links, which made port holds the most critical node of various mode of transport. The stringent competition between logistics provider and the demand for better and cheaper logistics services have develop port from the pure transportation and distribution center into modern integrated logistics cente r (Wang, 2011). The modern ports used to offer a mixture of the traditional function of seaports with the latest demand in maritime market by acting not only as the place of transshipment of the goods with storage facility but also as a place of circulation processing enhanced by sophisticated warehouse management with the use of advance information processing by electronic data interchange application (EDI). The EDI helps to control the flow of goods through coordination and rational planning and creating a more effective logistics system. The evolution of port role in supply chain system forced many shipping companies to engage an alliance and integrated their business to offer extended port gate service by take control inland transport, inland terminals and depots which resulted in large port clients who possess strong bargaining power to terminal operations and inland transport operations. Port Regionalization and Benefit to Logistics and Supply Chain Port regionalization model extent the previous theory of anyport model which unfortunately failed to show the recent condition of port development which is first, the model does not explain the role of seaport terminal as transshipment hub and second, it does not include the importance of nearby hinterlands regions as driving factors toward ports developments (Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2005). A port development model of regionalization offers efficiency is derived with higher levels of integration with inland freight distribution systems. There are two models on the port regionalization scheme, first is hinterland-based regionalization and second is the foreland based regionalization In the foreland based regionalization, port extent it reach by making integration with off-shore hubs islands location or any locations without local hinterlands (Rodrigue and Notteboom, 2010). The reason behind such type of development is the rise of the ship size. Off shore hubs hold the advantage of g reater depth since it is build in the sea territory thus can handle bigger ship size which has become phenomena because its economy of scale. Off shore hubs can also become the most possible way to improve port capacity with limited land territory for expansion. This foreland based model even further can trigger the possibility of the creation of logistics zones within the precincts of port area that can give value added to the port role on logistics chain rather than just to loading and discharging cargo. The second model is hinterland-based regionalization where there are joint and coordinated developments of certain multimodal logistics platform with load centers in the hinterland that trigger the formation of regional load center network (Rodrigue and Notteboom, 2011). The ultimate characteristics of this second model are the integration of seaports with deep inland waterway ports through barges and seaport with inland terminals through rail freight. However, this integration need additional structures like the viability of dedicated rail for train freight that lies along from seaport to the inland terminal and the possession of distribution centers are often necessary. The driver and direction of intermodal corridor development enables a more nuanced understanding of the process of port regionalization. The increasing level of integration on land distribution has lead to the removal of intermediate steps in transport chain. In port regionalization, land transport cost reduction is a main goal because it is improve the efficiency of inland distribution within supply chain terms by promoting logistics integration and lowering the distribution costs. Globally, inland access costs account for 18% of the total logistics costs, and could be reduced by one third with appropriate regionalization strategies (Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2005). A success in achieving cost reductions from effective management of inland container logistics can provide an important cost savings advantage and adding extra value to the customers. Notteboom and Rodrigue, (2005) explain that the development of port into regionalization is a market driven process as the result of the increasing focus on the attractive logistics integration, Jacobs and Notteboom (2011) added that the window of opportunity as a result of competition between firms in which specialized locations compete for similar investment opportunities can lead to a certain path of regional development. However, the regionalization phase demands good port governance structures in order to overcome the challenges posed by changing port hinterland relationships and the demand on port efficient logistics services. Governments can attempt to direct regionalisation strategies through policies and funding mechanisms to meet objectives of modal shift or economic development (Monios and Wilmsmeier, 2012). Therefore, port authorities are expected to play its role in order to promote the regionalization proce ss in the term of observing current port challenges which mostly related to congestion problem, increase of cost, and the growing traffic in the port. The government can set a framework which recognize the rights and contribution of port stakeholders and perform joint strategic relationship in the form of establishing direct and indirect networking with nodes and market players such as the creation of logistics zones, the construction of dedicated freight rail infrastructures and inland ports, and the extension of customs authorities to the inland terminals or dry ports. Conclusion